Table of Contents
Introduction
The Philodendron genus boasts a diverse array of stunning foliage plants, with hundreds of species to its name. Characterized by large, glossy, green leaves, philodendrons bring a touch of their native tropical charm into your living space. Famed for their simplicity in care, these houseplants come in two primary forms: vining and non-climbing. Vining philodendrons can reach extensive lengths and often need a support structure like a trellis or basket to climb on. In contrast, non-climbing varieties maintain an upright stature, making them perfect as container plants for indoor settings. Generally, philodendrons are known for their rapid growth rate.
Philodendrons are also a great plant choice to purify the air in your home. They’re best planted in the spring, but houseplants typically can be started with success at any time of year. They are toxic to pets and humans if ingested.
Characteristics
Common Name and Botanical Aspects
- Common Name: Philodendron
- Botanical Name: Philodendron spp.
- Family: Araceae
- Plant Type: Perennial
- Mature Size: 1–20 ft. tall, 1–6 ft. wide
- Sun Exposure: Partial
- Soil Type: Loamy, well-drained
- Soil pH: Acidic
- Hardiness Zones: 9–11 (USA)
- Native Area: Central America, South America
- Toxicity: Toxic to pets, toxic to people
Philodendron Care
Philodendrons are excellent as houseplants largely due to their low-maintenance requirements. However, ensuring optimal growing conditions is key to maintaining their health. To care for your philodendron, try to replicate its native tropical habitat by offering ample warmth and moisture, ideally near a window that gets plenty of sunlight. Be cautious of direct sun exposure, as it can damage their sensitive leaves.
To keep the leaves of your plant both aesthetically pleasing and healthy, clean them regularly with a damp cloth. In warmer seasons, consider placing your philodendron outdoors in a shaded area occasionally to benefit from fresh air and natural, indirect light.
Light
Philodendrons generally thrive in partial sunlight. In their natural tropical habitat, they are accustomed to receiving filtered, dappled light rather than direct sunlight. When grown indoors, it’s best to position them near a window where they can get bright, but indirect light. Insufficient light may lead to spindly growth with excessive spacing between leaves. On the other hand, too much light can lead to multiple leaves turning yellow simultaneously, which is a sign of distress (whereas the yellowing of just a few leaves is often just a normal part of aging).
Soil
Philodendrons prefer a potting mix that is loose, acidic, and rich in organic matter, with excellent drainage properties. For those grown in containers, it’s advisable to change the soil every two years or thereabouts. These plants react sensitively to the buildup of salts in the soil, a common result of regular watering, leading to issues like leaf browning and yellowing. To mitigate this, occasionally water the plant deeply until water flows out of the drainage holes, helping to wash away some of the accumulated salts. Over time, however, the soil will require replacement to maintain optimal conditions.
Water
To establish the right watering frequency for your philodendron, focus on the soil’s moisture level: water the plant when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. Philodendrons generally prefer a moderate level of soil moisture. Both overwatering and underwatering can result in drooping leaves, so use the soil’s dryness as your primary indicator for when to water, rather than the plant’s leaves. It’s important to avoid letting your philodendron sit in waterlogged soil, as this can cause root rot. Non-climbing varieties of philodendrons usually have a bit more drought tolerance compared to the vining types. During winter, especially for indoor plants, reduce the frequency of your watering routine.
Temperature and Humidity
The ability of philodendrons to withstand different temperatures can vary depending on the specific species. Generally, it’s important to avoid exposing them to temperatures below 55 degrees Fahrenheit. When indoors, shield your philodendrons from cold drafts, such as those that might come from an air conditioner. These plants thrive in humid environments, so if you’re in a dry climate, you may need to increase the humidity around your philodendron. This can be achieved by misting the plant every few days using a spray bottle. Another method is to place the plant’s container on a tray filled with pebbles and water, ensuring that the container’s base doesn’t make contact with the water to prevent root rot.
Fertilizer
Administer a balanced liquid fertilizer to your plant once a month during the spring and summer months. Be sure to adhere to the instructions on the product label for the appropriate quantity. In the fall and winter, cut back on feeding, reducing it to once every six to eight weeks. Insufficient nutrition can lead to noticeably slower growth in your plant, and the leaves may be smaller than typical.
Varieties of Cattleya Orchids
Several lower classifications of Philodendron species are particularly noteworthy:
- Philodendron scandens: A popular climbing variety, it features heart-shaped leaves that are occasionally variegated.
- Philodendron erubescens: Known for its climbing ability, this species has reddish stems and leaves. The ‘Pink Princess’ is a variant with heart-shaped, pink variegated leaves.
- Philodendron melanochrysum: This climber is admired for its dark, velvety leaves with a bronze sheen.
- Philodendron rojo: A hybrid that remains compact yet vigorous.
- Philodendron bipinnatifidum: Often referred to as the lacy tree philodendron, this large plant features deeply lobed leaves.
- Philodendron ‘Birkin’: This variety stands out with its green leaves accented by thin white stripes, sometimes called the white wave philodendron.
- Philodendron hederaceum ‘Brasil’: A heartleaf philodendron cultivar with heart-shaped leaves and lime green variegation. Philodendron micans, with its deep green leaves, is another similar cultivar.
- Philodendron gloriosum: Unlike the more common trailing varieties, this species grows upright with large green leaves highlighted by prominent white veins.
- Philodendron selloum: An extra-large variety that can span over 5 feet in width, featuring distinctive split leaves, a trait not to be confused with that of Monstera deliciosa.
Pruning
Should the vines of your philodendron become overly extended or leggy, trim them back with pruning shears or scissors that have been sterilized. Spring or summer is the ideal time for more extensive pruning. However, a light trimming can be done at any time of the year to eliminate yellowing leaves and manage spindly growth. When cutting, it’s advisable to make your cut just above a leaf node. The stem cuttings obtained from this process can be utilized for propagation purposes.
Propagating Philodendrons
Philodendrons can be easily propagated through stem cuttings and division, allowing you to expand your collection or share new plants with friends. Early spring, as days begin to lengthen, is an ideal time for propagation. Here’s a guide on how to propagate philodendrons using these methods:
Propagating from Stem Cuttings:
- Tools Needed: Sterilized pruning shears or heavy-duty scissors, potting mix, a pot, and optionally, rooting hormone.
- Cutting: Take a 6-inch stem cutting and place it in a water container to encourage root growth. Rooting hormone can be used as per instructions to enhance rooting success, though it’s often not necessary.
- Maintenance: Replenish evaporated water and change it completely every two to three weeks to prevent algae or bacterial growth.
- Potting: Once the cutting has developed several roots (usually within two weeks), transfer it to moist soil in a pot.
Dividing Your Philodendron:
- Preparation: Water your philodendron thoroughly the day before division. This step is crucial as dividing can be stressful for the plant.
- Tools Needed: A sharp knife, fresh potting mix, and a new pot.
- Division Process: Gently remove the plant from its container, loosen the root ball, and detach the plantlet with its roots. If the roots are dense, use a knife to assist in separation.
- Replanting: Plant the separated plantlet immediately in a new pot with moist potting mix. This is also a good opportunity to refresh the original plant with new potting soil or relocate it to a slightly larger container.
How to Grow Philodendron From Seed
While germinating philodendrons from seeds is a more time-consuming method compared to stem cuttings, it can be a rewarding process. For those interested in seed propagation, here’s how to proceed:
Planting Setup: Use a 6-inch pot to plant multiple seeds. Position the seeds about 2 inches apart and plant them approximately 1/3 inch deep in rich soil.
Creating a Humid Environment: Cover the pot with plastic to maintain humidity. Periodically remove the plastic to ventilate and allow air circulation.
Soil Moisture: Regularly mist the soil to keep it moist. Unlike some seeds, philodendron seeds do not require pre-soaking.
Germination Conditions: The ideal soil temperature for germination is between 68 and 73 degrees Fahrenheit. Expect germination to occur within two to eight weeks.
Transplanting Seedlings: Once the seedlings are sturdy enough to handle, transplant each one into its own small pot. This step is crucial for encouraging strong root growth and development.
Potting and Repotting Philodendrons
When potting a philodendron, choose a container that is slightly bigger than its root ball and ensure it has sufficient drainage holes. If you notice the roots emerging from the soil surface or protruding through the drainage holes of the pot, it’s a sign that the plant needs repotting. The best period for this is late spring or early summer. Opt for a pot that is one size larger. Carefully take the plant out of its current pot and position it in the new pot, adding fresh soil beneath and around the sides of the root ball. After repotting, water the plant well to settle the soil around the roots.
Overwintering
If you’re not residing in a tropical zone, tropical plants must be brought indoors for overwintering. Many tropical species, including common houseplants, adapt well to indoor environments during winter. With the shortening of days and dropping temperatures, philodendrons require slightly less water compared to their needs in the warmer growing months. Additionally, indoor watering should be done when the top layer of the soil begins to feel dry. Before transitioning the plants indoors, it’s advisable to prune any yellowing leaves or overextended stems using pruners. Also, inspect the plants for any signs of mold, decay, or insect infestation.
Common Pests & Plant Diseases
Philodendrons typically do not face major problems with pests or diseases. Nonetheless, they are vulnerable to common pests found in houseplants, such as aphids, mealybugs, scale, thrips, and spider mites. For pest management, a solution of water and dish soap, natural insecticidal soap, or horticultural oil can be effective. When using dish soap, a ratio of 1 tablespoon per quart of water is recommended. Spray the entire plant thoroughly with this mixture.
When it comes to diseases, philodendrons may be prone to mosaic virus, which manifests as small yellow lesions or patterns on the leaves. In the warmer months, it’s advisable to move the plant outdoors, away from other plants, and prune away the affected leaves. Clean the remaining foliage with a hose to eliminate any surface dust. To support recovery and strengthen growth, apply a diluted nitrogen-rich fertilizer to the soil.
Common Problems With Philodendron
Philodendrons are adaptable and low-maintenance plants that adjust well to indoor conditions and propagate with ease. However, they can encounter certain health issues if their needs for water, sunlight, and soil are not adequately met. Below are some indicators to watch for and tips on how to address these concerns:
Yellowing Leaves
Yellowing leaves in philodendrons can be attributed to several factors, including using overly cold water, insufficient sunlight, or too much exposure to intense light. Yellowing in the older leaves often indicates under-watering, while yellowing in the younger, lower leaves could suggest overwatering. Adjusting these elements usually helps the plant recover.
When fertilizing your philodendron, it’s crucial to first water the soil. Then, apply a diluted fertilizer solution, followed by another round of watering. This method prevents the plant’s roots from being damaged by the fertilizer’s chemicals, which is another potential cause of leaf yellowing.
Yellowing and Rotting Smell
Rapid yellowing of your plant’s leaves could indicate root rot. If identified early, you might still have a chance to rescue the plant. Check for root rot by smelling the soil for any foul odors or by examining the roots directly. If you find signs of rot, such as black and mushy parts, trim these away. Replant the healthy, white or yellow sections of the roots in a new container with fresh soil.
Browning Leaves
Browning leaf edges on your plant could be a sign of using water that’s too cold, which can shock the plants. Additionally, if the leaves become brown and mushy, it’s likely a result of overwatering. When the edges of the leaves start to turn brown and curl, this often means the plant requires more water and less sunlight. Adjust your care routine as needed.
If you notice the leaf tips turning brown with yellow edges, this typically suggests a need for higher humidity. To address this, mist the plant’s leaves or place its container on a tray of pebbles with water. Ensure that the base of the plant is just above the water level, not submerged in it.
Benefits of Philodendron
Philodendrons are popular houseplants known for their attractive foliage and relatively easy care. They offer several benefits:
Air Purification: Like many houseplants, philodendrons can help purify the air. They are known to absorb toxins such as formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene from the environment.
Aesthetic Appeal: Philodendrons come in various shapes and sizes, with some displaying beautiful heart-shaped leaves and others showcasing large, split leaves. Their lush greenery can enhance the aesthetic appeal of any space.
Mental Health Benefits: Interacting with houseplants, including philodendrons, can have a calming effect, reducing stress and improving mood. Tending to plants can also be a therapeutic and rewarding hobby.
Improves Humidity: They can help in maintaining or increasing humidity levels in a room, which can be beneficial, especially in dry climates or during winter months when indoor heating can dry out the air.
Low Maintenance: Philodendrons are relatively easy to care for. They don’t require frequent watering and can thrive in a range of lighting conditions, making them suitable for various indoor environments.
Adaptability: They are adaptable to a variety of indoor conditions and can grow in lower light conditions where other plants might struggle.
Remember, while philodendrons are beneficial in many ways, they are also toxic when ingested, so they should be kept away from pets and small children.
FAQs
Are Philodendrons Easy to Care For?
Philodendrons are notably straightforward to grow and maintain, making them an ideal choice for novice gardeners and houseplant lovers. Their popularity stems from their appealing look and low-maintenance needs.
Are Philodendrons toxic to dogs?
Yes, philodendrons are toxic to dogs if ingested, as they contain calcium oxalate crystals which can cause irritation and swelling in the mouth, tongue, and digestive tract.
Are Philodendrons toxic to cats?
Yes, philodendrons are toxic to cats. If ingested, they can cause irritation of the mouth, tongue, and digestive system in felines.
How Fast Does Philodendron Grow?
Philodendron plants exhibit rapid growth, potentially expanding up to 4 inches weekly during their peak growing seasons in spring and summer.
How Long Can Philodendron Live?
Under suitable conditions, philodendron plants have the potential to thrive for many years, even decades.
Are Philodendrons tropical?
Yes, philodendrons are tropical plants. They originate from the tropical regions of the Americas.
Can Philodendrons grow in water?
Yes, philodendrons can grow in water. You can root and maintain them in water, though they may not be as robust as in soil.
Can Philodendrons live in low light?
Yes, philodendrons can live in low light, but they thrive better in medium to bright, indirect light. Low light may slow their growth and reduce the vibrancy of their leaves.
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